The .gov means its official. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Qual Health Res. Genetic counseling of the deaf. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. In: Nichter M, editor. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. Google Scholar. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. First Statement of Germ Theory. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Principal Scientist & Act. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Part of The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Federal Ministry of Health. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Soc Sci Med. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. 2003;9(6):649. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. and Diagnosis It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. The move towards a new public health police. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. It is a commonly held view, both from the Nigerian literature and from anecdotal evidence, that life is . Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. %%EOF This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Article They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Ali A. Weiss RS. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. PubMed Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. WHO. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Soc Sci Med. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and The site is secure. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. In: Fox JP, Hall CE, Elveback LR, editors. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Accessibility National Library of Medicine The practice of epidemiology. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . 1976;4:77382. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. In the mid-19th . hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. J Genet Couns. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Choosing among five traditions. 2nd ed. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. The first authors (MHK) native status offered both opportunities and limitations for the study [19]. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. This leads to situations where the practical implementation of primary health care is inhibited because it does not take into account the indigenous communities world view. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Click here to review the details. 4th ed. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. Google Scholar. The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Careers. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Int Orthop. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. A.A. 2015. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. Privacy Google Scholar. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. 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