[3][419][420], Of the surviving Greco-Roman-style busts and heads of Cleopatra,[note 66] the sculpture known as the "Berlin Cleopatra", located in the Antikensammlung Berlin collection at the Altes Museum, possesses her full nose, whereas the head known as the "Vatican Cleopatra", located in the Vatican Museums, is damaged with a missing nose. [433][note 71] Her ivory-white skin, round face, long aquiline nose, and large round eyes were features common in both Roman and Ptolemaic depictions of deities. Solomon. [294][290][286] Cleopatra, aboard her flagship, the Antonias, commanded 60 ships at the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf, at the rear of the fleet, in what was likely a move by Antony's officers to marginalize her during the battle. Cleopatra VII Philopator (Koin Greek: , "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 70/69 BC - 10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. [293] Antony and Cleopatra lost several skirmishes against Octavian around Actium during the summer of 31 BC, while defections to Octavian's camp continued, including Antony's long-time companion Dellius[293] and the allied kings Amyntas of Galatia and Deiotaros of Paphlagonia. [27][29][30] Ptolemy XI, and perhaps his uncle Ptolemy IX or father Ptolemy X Alexander I, willed the Ptolemaic Kingdom to Rome as collateral for loans, so that the Romans had legal grounds to take over Egypt, their client state, after the assassination of Ptolemy XI. The relationships between Cleopatra VII, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony were love affairs, and power struggles, that would change the course of Egyptian and Roman history, forever. [300] An asp is absent from the painting, but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. [233] Since the authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired on 1January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at Tarentum, where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC. [127][130][131] Plutarch provides an entirely different and perhaps mythical account that alleges she was bound inside a bed sack to be smuggled into the palace to meet Caesar. [245], In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the Euphrates in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire. [326][330][331] Cleopatra's physician Olympos did not explain her cause of death, although the popular belief is that she allowed an asp or Egyptian cobra to bite and poison her. [281] Octavian's legal standing was also improved by being elected consul in 31 BC. He carried out the execution of Arsinoe at her request, and became increasingly reliant on Cleopatra for both funding and military aid during his invasions of the Parthian Empire and the Kingdom of Armenia. [41] The high degree of inbreeding among the Ptolemies is also illustrated by Cleopatra's immediate ancestry, of which a reconstruction is shown below. The Queen of Sheba's story has just one episode: She visited King Solomon, spoke to him on equal terms, and was impressed by his intellect and wealth. [482] Ingrid D. Rowland, who highlights that the "Berenice called Cleopatra" cited by the 3rd- or 4th-century female Roman physician Metrodora was likely conflated by medieval scholars as referring to Cleopatra. [262][263] It concerns certain tax exemptions in Egypt granted to either Quintus Caecillius or Publius Canidius Crassus,[note 52] a former Roman consul and Antony's confidant who would command his land forces at Actium. Cleopatra VII is usually just known as Cleopatra, though she was the seventh royal Egyptian ruler to bear the name Cleopatra. Not everyone believed her. [3][418] The combination of this hairstyle with a diadem is also featured in two surviving sculpted marble heads. In October of 50 BC, Ptolemy XIII was promoted to senior ruler along with her. thecollector.com - Marian Vermeulen . [308][305] Octavian sent his diplomat Thyrsos to Cleopatra after she threatened to burn herself and vast amounts of her treasure within a tomb already under construction. [113][106][114] She returned with an army, but her advance to Alexandria was blocked by her brother's forces, including some Gabiniani mobilized to fight against her, so she camped outside Pelousion in the eastern Nile Delta. [334][333][335][note 55] No venomous snake was found with her body, but she did have tiny puncture wounds on her arm that could have been caused by a needle. [433] Roller affirms that "there seems little doubt that this is a depiction of Cleopatra and Caesarion before the doors of the Temple of Venus in the Forum Julium and, as such, it becomes the only extant contemporary painting of the queen. [385][note 61] Inscriptions on contemporary Ptolemaic coinage and some Egyptian papyrus documents demonstrate Cleopatra's point of view, but this material is very limited in comparison to Roman literary works. Though more obscure than her famous mother, Cleopatra VII (69-30 BCE), Cleopatra Selene II was a capable and respected ruler in her own right. [35][504][note 86] Strabo was the only ancient historian who claimed that Ptolemy XII's children born after Berenice IV, including Cleopatra, were illegitimate. [270][269], In late 34 BC, Antony and Octavian engaged in a heated war of propaganda that would last for years. 17 He also made three hundred small shields of hammered gold, with three minas[ g] of gold in each shield. [332][335][331], Cleopatra decided in her last moments to send Caesarion away to Upper Egypt, perhaps with plans to flee to Kushite Nubia, Ethiopia, or India. Legends tell that ing Solomon's flying carpet had the ability to carry as many as 40,000 men whilst in flight. [134][135][136] Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before the assembly of Alexandria, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XIIpreviously possessed by Pompeynaming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. [154][155][156], Caesar's term as consul had expired at the end of 48 BC. [400][406][407] However, she was depicted in an Egyptian statue as the goddess Isis,[408] while some of her coinage depicts her as Venus-Aphrodite. After 18-year-old Cleopatra married her 10-year-old brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIII, in 51 B.C., civil war broke out between the pair. As their empire was falling to the Roman Emperor Octavian, the couple resolved to kill themselves. [462], In the performing arts, the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, and the German publication in 1606 of alleged letters of Cleopatra, inspired Samuel Daniel to alter and republish his 1594 play Cleopatra in 1607. [3][413] These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple. 12 August 30 BC in the later Julian calendar. [406][433][424][note 70] The room with the painting was walled off by its owner, perhaps in reaction to the execution of Caesarion in 30 BC by order of Octavian, when public depictions of Cleopatra's son would have been unfavorable with the new Roman regime. Historians of the Ancient Near East agree that David probably lived around 1000 BCE, but little more is known about him as a historical figure.. The Untold Truth Of King Solomon. [423][425][424][note 68] Both heads are dated to the mid-1st century BC and were found in Roman villas along the Via Appia in Italy, the Vatican Cleopatra having been unearthed in the Villa of the Quintilii. [380] Plutarch's work included both the Augustan view of Cleopatrawhich became canonical for his periodas well as sources outside of this tradition, such as eyewitness reports. Was king Solomon a moor? [326][329] Octavian was said to have been angered by this outcome but had Cleopatra buried in royal fashion next to Antony in her tomb. When Cleopatra learned that Octavian planned to bring her to his Roman triumphal procession, she killed herself by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an asp. [41][42] The three younger children of Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra's sister Arsinoe IV and brothers Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV,[38][39][40] were born in the absence of his wife. These included famine caused by drought and a low level of the annual flooding of the Nile, and lawless behavior instigated by the Gabiniani, the now unemployed and assimilated Roman soldiers left by Gabinius to garrison Egypt. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" [321][322] Cleopatra was then allowed to embalm and bury Antony within her tomb before she was escorted to the palace. the asp) rises between her legs, Eros floats above, and Anton, the alleged ancestor of the Antonian family, looks on in despair as his descendant Antony is led to his doom. First, we will discover the youth of Cleopatra. She became queen of Egypt after her father's death in 51 BCE and ruled along with her brother, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. [475], Georges Mlis's Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb (French: Cloptre), an 1899 French silent horror film, was the first film to depict the character of Cleopatra. Cleopatra became a tragic heroine, with love of Antony her sole motivation. Octavian wanted to publicize it for propaganda purposes, but the two consuls, both supporters of Antony, had it censored from public view. [137][135][129][note 34] Caesar then attempted to arrange for the other two siblings, Arsinoe IV and Ptolemy XIV, to rule together over Cyprus, thus removing potential rival claimants to the Egyptian throne while also appeasing the Ptolemaic subjects still bitter over the loss of Cyprus to the Romans in 58 BC. [308], Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the ephebi, which, along with reliefs on a stele from Koptos dated 21 September 31 BC, demonstrated that Cleopatra was now grooming her son to become the sole ruler of Egypt. [2] Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins,[2][375] as well as ancient carved cameos,[401] such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berlin. [326] When a spy informed her that Octavian planned to move her and her children to Rome in three days, she prepared for suicide as she had no intentions of being paraded in a Roman triumph like her sister Arsinoe IV. [68][71] As a young cavalry officer, Mark Antony was under Gabinius's command. [458] Works of Islamic historiography written in Arabic covered the reign of Cleopatra, such as the 10th-century Meadows of Gold by Al-Masudi,[459] although his work erroneously claimed that Octavian died soon after Cleopatra's suicide. . [195][197] While Serapion, Cleopatra's governor of Cyprus, defected to Cassius and provided him with ships, Cleopatra took her own fleet to Greece to personally assist Octavian and Antony, but her ships were heavily damaged in a Mediterranean storm and she arrived too late to aid in the fighting. In many works of fiction she is described as a voluptuous beauty who loses herself in love and treats her kingdom as her personal property, but the truth is the exact opposite. [381][382] The Roman History published by the official and historian Cassius Dio in the early 3rd century AD, while failing to fully comprehend the complexities of the late Hellenistic world, nevertheless provides a continuous history of the era of Cleopatra's reign. [3][421] After her visit to Rome in 4644 BC it became fashionable for Roman women to adopt it as one of their hairstyles, but it was abandoned for a more modest, austere look during the conservative rule of Augustus. [435] A chemical analysis performed in 1822 confirmed that the medium for the painting was composed of one-third wax and two-thirds resin. [75][77] Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties. [141][142][143][note 36] Ganymedes then tricked Caesar into requesting the presence of the erstwhile captive Ptolemy XIII as a negotiator, only to have him join the army of Arsinoe IV. [272][273] Cleopatra was said to have brainwashed Mark Antony with witchcraft and sorcery and was as dangerous as Homer's Helen of Troy in destroying civilization. Well, more accurately, it was a jinn. [445] The sculpture also has pronounced eyes that share similarities with Roman copies of Ptolemaic sculpted works of art. King Solomon was the son of David and the third king of Israel. [293] While some in Antony's camp suggested abandoning the naval conflict to retreat inland, Cleopatra urged for a naval confrontation, to keep Octavian's fleet away from Egypt. The same Herod that sought the baby Jesus, was in a constant power struggle with Cleopatra. [406], Surviving coinage of Cleopatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC. [17][18][19][note 8] In contrast, Cleopatra could speak multiple languages by adulthood and was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language. [347] She was the chief religious authority in her realm, presiding over religious ceremonies dedicated to the deities of both the Egyptian and Greek polytheistic faiths. [283][269] Octavian highlighted parts of the will, such as Caesarion being named heir to Caesar, that the Donations of Alexandria were legal, that Antony should be buried alongside Cleopatra in Egypt instead of Rome, and that Alexandria would be made the new capital of the Roman Republic. [27][28] Ptolemy XI had his wife killed shortly after their marriage in 80 BC, but was lynched soon thereafter in the resulting riot over the assassination. [275][276] The accusation that Antony had stolen books from the Library of Pergamum to restock the Library of Alexandria later turned out to be an admitted fabrication by Gaius Calvisius Sabinus. [422][423][424][note 67] Both the Berlin Cleopatra and Vatican Cleopatra have royal diadems, similar facial features, and perhaps once resembled the face of her bronze statue housed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix. From Cleopatra to Pocahontas, foreign queens are viewed as both objects of beauty and sources of secret wisdom with a heavy dose of orientalism. [258], In an event held at the gymnasium soon after the triumph, Cleopatra dressed as Isis and declared that she was the Queen of Kings with her son Caesarion, King of Kings, while Alexander Helios was declared king of Armenia, Media, and Parthia, and two-year-old Ptolemy Philadelphos was declared king of Syria and Cilicia. [27][29], Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother,[33][34][note 13] presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena),[35][36][37][note 14][note 4] the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. [138][135][139][note 34], Judging that this agreement favored Cleopatra over Ptolemy XIII and that the latter's army of 20,000, including the Gabiniani, could most likely defeat Caesar's army of 4,000 unsupported troops, Potheinos decided to have Achillas lead their forces to Alexandria to attack both Caesar and Cleopatra. Caesarion is the best known of Cleopatra's children by far. [258][261] News of this event was heavily criticized in Rome as a perversion of time-honored Roman rites and rituals to be enjoyed instead by an Egyptian queen. 5 star 65% 4 star 22% Try again. AU $23.60. Try modifying and expanding your search. After losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus in Greece against his rival Julius Caesar (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's Civil War, the Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. Select one: a. the Egyptian use of iron for improved tools and weapons. [43][44] Cleopatra's childhood tutor was Philostratos, from whom she learned the Greek arts of oration and philosophy. 60-day returns. [149][126][150][note 39] Ganymedes may have been killed in the battle. [245][246], Antony's enlargement of the Ptolemaic realm by relinquishing directly controlled Roman territory was exploited by his rival Octavian, who tapped into the public sentiment in Rome against the empowerment of a foreign queen at the expense of their Republic. [406][431] This statue likely formed the basis of her depictions in both sculpted art as well as this painting at Pompeii. [92][93] Inheriting her father's debts, Cleopatra also owed the Roman Republic 17.5million drachmas. [415] It is likely, due to political expediency, that Antony's visage was made to conform not only to hers but also to those of her Macedonian Greek ancestors who founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, to familiarize himself to her subjects as a legitimate member of the royal house. [250][252] Antony desired to avoid the risks involved in returning to Rome, and so he traveled with Cleopatra back to Alexandria to see his newborn son. Ptolemy XV (Caesarion) was made the co-ruler with his mother and was called the King of Kings. Cleopatra: Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. [248] She then returned to Egypt, perhaps due to her advanced state of pregnancy. [206][209] Antony was well received by the populace of Alexandria, both for his heroic actions in restoring Ptolemy XII to power and coming to Egypt without an occupation force like Caesar had done. [479] In preparation for the film starring Taylor as Cleopatra, women's magazines of the early 1960s advertised how to use makeup, clothes, jewelry, and hairstyles to achieve the "Egyptian" look similar to the queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Most probably, Caesarion was born in June 47 BC, in . [250][217][251] After losing some 30,000 men, more than Crassus at Carrhae (an indignity he had hoped to avenge), Antony finally arrived at Leukokome near Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) in December, engaged in heavy drinking before Cleopatra arrived to provide funds and clothing for his battered troops. Egypt's last pharaoh was the 'love child' of Caesar and Cleopatra. Mark Antony minted these. [326][296][305] It is unclear if Cleopatra's suicide on 10 August 30 BC, at age 39, took place within the palace or her tomb. [403][404], In regards to surviving Roman statuary, a life-sized Roman-style statue of Cleopatra was found near the Tomba di Nerone[it], Rome, along the Via Cassia and is now housed in the Museo Pio-Clementino, part of the Vatican Museums. She is considered one of the last great queens of the Hellenistic period, part of . [3][184][402] It was erected there by Caesar and remained in the temple at least until the 3rd century AD, its preservation perhaps owing to Caesar's patronage, although Augustus did not remove or destroy artworks in Alexandria depicting Cleopatra. [257][217] Octavian's confidence grew as he eliminated his rivals in the west, including Sextus Pompeius and even Lepidus, the third member of the triumvirate, who was placed under house arrest after revolting against Octavian in Sicily. marriage 4 times, had 9 children, 3 from Cleopatra born-January 14, 83BC died-August 1, 30BC love social life, parties, beautiful women, drinking bouts and fraternalized with the Army a loyal friend Did you KNOW ? [227] Herod had been installed as a tetrarch there by Antony, but he was soon at odds with Antigonus II Mattathias of the long-established Hasmonean dynasty. [321][323] When she met with Octavian, Cleopatra told him bluntly, "I will not be led in a triumph" (Ancient Greek: , romanized:ou thriambusomai), according to Livy, a rare recording of her exact words. He is credited with 3,000 proverbs and 1,005 songs (1 Kings 4:32; Proverbs 1:1). The Queen of Sheba is never actually named. [385][386][387][note 59] The writings of Cicero, who knew her personally, provide an unflattering portrait of Cleopatra. [211][213][214][note 46], Cleopatra carefully chose Antony as her partner for producing further heirs, as he was deemed to be the most powerful Roman figure following Caesar's demise. [404][359][360] This portrait features the royal diadem and similar facial features as the Berlin and Vatican heads, but has a more unique hairstyle and may actually depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra. [115][117][118][note 29] Given his close relationship with the Ptolemies, Pompey ultimately decided that Egypt would be his place of refuge, where he could replenish his forces. [83][76], Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to Hermonthis, near Thebes, to install a new sacred Buchis bull, worshiped as an intermediary for the god Montu in the Ancient Egyptian religion. [63][56][64][note 21] When the Roman Senate denied Ptolemy XII the offer of an armed escort and provisions for a return to Egypt, he decided to leave Rome in late 57 BC and reside at the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Cleopatra was not friendly with Herod, King of Judea. [2], The inscriptions on the coins are written in Greek, but also in the nominative case of Roman coins rather than the genitive case of Greek coins, in addition to having the letters placed in a circular fashion along the edges of the coin instead of across it horizontally or vertically as was customary for Greek ones. [314][296][316] Cleopatra hid herself in her tomb with her close attendants and sent a message to Antony that she had committed suicide. 3. [376] Despite not being a biography of Cleopatra, the Life of Antonius written by Plutarch in the 1st century AD provides the most thorough surviving account of Cleopatra's life. As God had granted Solomon the gift of wisdom ( 1 Kings 3:5-12 ), "nothing was too hard for the king to explain to her" ( 1 Kings 10:3 ). After the assassination of Caesar and (on her orders) Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC, she named Caesarion co-ruler as Ptolemy XV. [437] After Cleopatra's suicide, Octavian commissioned a painting to be made depicting her being bitten by a snake, parading this image in her stead during his triumphal procession in Rome. [151][152][153] Cleopatra was conspicuously absent from these events and resided in the palace, most likely because she had been pregnant with Caesar's child since September 48 BC. From their strange cultures where women have. Cleopatra's legacy survives in ancient and modern works of art. [314][296][305] According to Plutarch, he was still dying when brought to Cleopatra at her tomb, telling her he had died honorably and that she could trust Octavian's companion Gaius Proculeius over anyone else in his entourage. Parents: Ptolemy XII Auletes (d. 51 BCE, ruled 80-51 BCE except for 58-55 BCE) and Cleopatra V Tryphaina (co-ruler 58-55 BCE with their daughter, Berenice IV, sister of Cleopatra VII) Died . [note 87] The family tree given below also lists Cleopatra V, Ptolemy XII's wife, as a daughter of Ptolemy X Alexander I and Berenice III, which would make her a cousin of her husband, Ptolemy XII, but she could have been a daughter of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, which would have made her a sister-wife of Ptolemy XII instead. [406][434] Behind her golden diadem, crowned with a red jewel, is a translucent veil with crinkles that suggest the "melon" hairstyle favored by the queen. [377][379] The Jewish Roman historian Josephus, writing in the 1st century AD, provides valuable information on the life of Cleopatra via her diplomatic relationship with Herod the Great. [314][315] Octavian advanced quickly to Alexandria, but Antony returned and won a small victory over Octavian's tired troops outside the city's hippodrome. [114][418], Various coins, such as a silver tetradrachm minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a 'melon' hairstyle. [119][120][121] In a scheme devised by Theodotus, Pompey arrived by ship near Pelousion after being invited by a written message, only to be ambushed and stabbed to death on 28 September 48 BC. The former gave a fiery speech condemning Octavian, now a private citizen without public office, and introduced pieces of legislation against him. Solomon Hebrew ' shelomoh ', means 'his replacement', perhaps referring to his mother Bathsheba 's first son, who died soon after birth. Solomon was a ruler of the United Kingdom of Israel who lived some time in the 10th century BCE, and in the 3,000 years since then, his name has become synonymous with wealth, power, andabove allwisdom. [179][180] Sosigenes of Alexandria, one of the members of Cleopatra's court, aided Caesar in the calculations for the new Julian calendar, put into effect 1January 45 BC. Cleopatra was called the Queen of Kings, which was a higher position than that of Caesarion's. Alexander Helios, which meant the sun, was named Great King of the Seleucid empire when it was at its highest. [274] Pliny the Elder claims in his Natural History that Cleopatra once dissolved a pearl worth tens of millions of sesterces in vinegar just to win a dinner-party bet. [395][396] Plutarch described Cleopatra as having had a stronger personality and charming wit than physical beauty. [195][197] However, these troops were captured by Cassius in Palestine. [5] The Ptolemaic practice of sibling marriage was introduced by Ptolemy II and his sister Arsinoe II. [457][392] The Renaissance humanist Bernardino Cacciante[it], in his 1504 Libretto apologetico delle donne, was the first Italian to defend the reputation of Cleopatra and criticize the perceived moralizing and misogyny in Boccaccio's works. Cleopatra VII Philopator (Koin Greek: , "Cleopatra the father-beloved";[5] 70/69 BC 10 August 30BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. [283][281], During the spring of 32 BC Antony and Cleopatra traveled to Athens, where she persuaded Antony to send Octavia an official declaration of divorce. [429], Other possible sculpted depictions of Cleopatra include one in the British Museum, London, made of limestone, which perhaps only depicts a woman in her entourage during her trip to Rome. [405][399] In his Kleopatra und die Caesaren (2006), Bernard Andreae[de] contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance. [223] Fulvia and Antony's brother Lucius Antonius were eventually besieged by Octavian at Perusia (modern Perugia, Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at Sicyon in Greece while attempting to reach Antony. Some of Solomon's most famous achievements were his building projects, particularly the temple in Jerusalem. Cleopatra, though she was the son of David and the third king of Judea arts!: a. the Egyptian use of iron for improved tools and weapons with a diadem is featured! And philosophy copies of Ptolemaic sculpted works of art ) was made the co-ruler with his and... Owed the Roman Emperor Octavian, now a private citizen without public office, and introduced pieces of legislation him... 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